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Polyomaviruses are a family of viruses that are widely spread and species-specific, classified under the Papovaviridae family. Two of the most common polyomaviruses in humans, the BK virus and JC virus, were first identified in the 1970s. Many people encounter these viruses during childhood, typically leading to mild diseases. However, in individuals with weakened immune systems, these viruses, when reactivated or acquired, are associated with various clinical conditions.

BK Virus and Its Clinical Impact

The BK virus is most commonly linked with kidney issues such as ureteral stenosis, hemorrhagic cystitis, and nephropathy. Although less frequent, it can sometimes lead to conditions such as pneumonitis, retinitis, liver disease, and meningoencephalitis.

JC Virus and Its Clinical Impact

The JC virus is best known for its association with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a rare but serious brain disorder, and it may also be involved in the development of various human tumors.

What is the BK Virus?

The BK virus is a virus that most people acquire during childhood. The symptoms can resemble those of a common cold. Once infected with the BK virus, the virus remains in the body. However, for most individuals, it does not cause problems. This is known as a latent infection. Sometimes, when your immune system is not functioning properly, the virus may reactivate, leading to symptoms of infection. The BK virus is also known as a polyomavirus.

What Increases the Risk of BK Virus Infection?

  • Organ transplantation, such as kidney transplant
  • Kidney surgery or injury
  • Health conditions that weaken the immune system (such as HIV and diabetes)

How Will I Know if I Have the BK Virus in My Body?

Your healthcare provider will check for signs of the virus in your body before and after a kidney transplant. Because the BK virus can “wake up” under certain conditions, it is important to monitor for signs of infection. Symptoms may include:

  • Vision changes, such as blurred vision
  • Changes in the color of your urine (cloudy or reddish urine)
  • Pain during urination
  • Difficulty urinating
  • Increased frequency of urination
  • Cough, cold, or breathing issues
  • Fever, muscle aches, or weakness
  • Seizures

If you experience any of these symptoms, it could be a sign of an infection. This may affect the success of your kidney transplant. It is important to inform your healthcare provider if you notice any signs of infection.

How Will I Be Monitored for BK Virus Infection?

After your transplant, your blood and/or urine will be regularly tested. Your healthcare provider will decide how often you need to be tested for the BK virus and other infections. This helps ensure that your transplant is not at risk.